Other Surname Types

Family names could come from the following sources:

Ancestors - patronymics or matronymics, such as O'Shea or Williams
Descriptive names, such as "red"
Geographic names such as "hill"
Nicknames
Occupations such as Turner
Transliteration (spelling changes or regional pronunciations), such as Menges to Mingos and Mingus
Translations from one region to another
Religious names
Spelling variations (just simple changes over time)